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John F. Kennedys Life, Struggles, and Accomplishments Essay

John F. Kennedy’s beginnings These words said by a powerful president, who had helped this country not only be successful but a very strong country. John F. Kennedy said these words to tell Americans, you need to care for your country not just yourself. John F. Kennedy was not only a president but he was in the U.S. Navy, which I think means he has pride in his country and was willing to do anything he could do to make it a better place. In chronological order I will discuss John F. Kennedy’s life, his problems and struggles that made him a stronger man, and Kennedy’s accomplishments that helped change this country and the world. John F. Kennedy’s life in chronological order John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts in 1917†¦show more content†¦John F. Kennedy died on November 22nd 1963, in Dallas, Texas. He had flown to Dallas for a campaign appearance. He had been riding in a presidential convertible motorcade, with his wife and the governor of Texas. They had been riding through cheering crowds in downtown Dallas when he was assassinated and shot by Lee Harvey Oswald. John F. Kennedy’s problems and struggles John F. Kennedy had problems before and after he became president, such as having to deal with illnesses and surgery on the other hand having to deal with the Civil Rights Movement. John F. Kennedy had a lot on his plate. One of his earliest struggles had to deal with Scarlet fever, a dangerous illness. Scarlet fever is an infectious bacterial dieses, causing a scarlet rash which is very contiguous. Kennedy also had surgery; he had surgery on his back to end his constant back pain. He also went through being diagnosed with Addison dieses: something that disordered his adrenal glands. In order to sustain this, he went through lots of medication. John F. Kennedy had also had to deal with the Civil Rights Movement. He says it was a â€Å"moral crisis† for America! Kennedy struggled to handle the soviet influence. He struggled to change the south where whites controlled state governments. One of his biggest struggles was to give all Americans the same rights. John F. Kennedy also struggled with the Bay of Pigs invasion. The failed Bay of Pigs invasion was an attempt to incite the popular riseShow MoreRelatedLife And Death Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Essay1413 Words   |  6 Pages Life to Death of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Hailee Barnwell Central High School Abstract John F. Kennedy lived a very hard, but famous life. In his life he batted many deaths and illnesses. He was in the navy, in congress, the Senate of the United States, and the 35th President. Even though most people think Mr. Kennedy lived a very easy and flowing life, they are all wrong. He struggled through life, but never let its show through to many people. While he struggled through allRead MoreKennedy Is an American Tragic Hero1695 Words   |  7 Pagesclass was kept afloat for about four hours by Kennedy, who swam three miles to a small island with McMahon’s life jacket between his teeth. My stepfather often told me that he begged Kennedy to just leave him there, that the rescue was too difficult†¦He thought the world of President Kennedy, who saved his life, no doubt about it. (Granberry, Michael). Kennedy not only saved McMahon’s life but he also saved the lives of almost a dozen of his crew men. JFK’s rescued men talked about this event at anRead MoreThe Leadership And Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy3150 Words   |  13 PagesCamelot: The Leadership and Legacy of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Carson Ray Senior Division Individual Historical Paper Paper Length: 2,470 words To the average person, Camelot was an era of promise, hope, perfection, and the struggle for equality. It was America’s only real with national royalty as the people looked to the president and first lady for fashion, their connections to Hollywood and the very rich, and how to comport themselves in a most glamorous manner..Read More John F. Kennedy Essay1402 Words   |  6 Pages John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917, the second oldest in a family of nine children. His great grandparents had come to the United States from Ireland in the mid-1800s after a food shortage caused severe poverty in that country. Although their families had not come to the United States with much money, both of John Kennedys grandfathers became political leaders in Boston. One of them, John Fitzgerald, was elected mayor in 1905. John Kennedys father, JosephRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy - the Speaker Essay2147 Words   |  9 PagesI choose John F. Kennedy to write about as he epitomizes a great speaker to me. 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It is as though both men were speaking to the public as if theyRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy1220 Words   |  5 PagesPresident John â€Å"Jack† Fitzgerald Kennedy was born May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts to Rose Kennedy and Joseph P. Kennedy. John F. Kennedy, also known as JFK, had three brothers and five sisters. Young John, â€Å"Jack† as he was known by, attended a boarding school for b oys in Connecticut. Here he was active in football, golf, tennis, and basketball. Once Jack graduated Choate in 1936, he entered Harvard. It was while he was studying at Harvard that he injured his back while playing football,Read MoreThe Selma Incident Of The Civil Rights Movement1320 Words   |  6 Pages On November 4th, 2008, American voters elected Barack Obama president of the United States, the first time an African American candidate has been elected to the office of the presidency. This historic election was described by John Lewis, a longtime civil rights activist as â€Å"what comes at the end of the bridge in Selma†. (413) This was a reference to the incident on March 7th, 1965 when â€Å"police officers used clubs and tear gas against a group of civil rights demonstrators led by the reverend MartinRead MoreWho Is My Favorite Political Leader?2116 Words   |  9 Pagesthe United states of America, John Fitzgerald Kennedy, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† n.d). John Fitzgerald Kennedy, better known as J.F.K, was the 35th president of the United States, who was of the Democratic Party and a war hero. A brief description of J.F.K entails that he is of Irish descent, and was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† n.d). He graduated from Harvard in 1940, and then he entered the Navy, (Life of John F. Kennedy,† n.d). During his timeRead MoreThe Legacy Of John Fitzgerald Kennedy1839 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are certain to miss the future† (Matuz 574). John Fitzgerald Kennedy believed that change is inevitable. It was going to happen not matter what and will affect and alter life, but if one dwells on the past they will miss out on all of the good things change will bring you in the future. Which represents JFK’s presidency, he always focused on the conflict in front of him and did what he could to improv e the nation. As one

Examples from placement Free Essays

Whilst on my placement, there was a girl starting school full time; named Megan. Megan was why and reluctant to Interact with the other children, I noticed this and sat down next to her. To make her feel more secure, I tried talking to her In a calm voice. We will write a custom essay sample on Examples from placement or any similar topic only for you Order Now When listening to her, I was showing Interest In what she was saying, by positive facial expressions I made sure I gave enough time for Megan to think about her answer and if she answered correctly, I praised her to effectively boost her self-esteem and make her feel valued. However, she asked to participate in an activity that wasn’t available, I calmly said in a slow voice â€Å"you are not allowed to do that†. When she kept asking, I reinforced my previous statement, to help her understand the boundaries expected of her. After she told me what games she enjoyed, I asked if she wanted to join in with the other children. Whilst asking her, I showed her pictures of the activities. Megan asked toxin the play-doe group, so I setup an area for her. I introduced Megan to some of the other children, so she would feel more comfortable and welcome within the group.. Throughout the day, I was making sure Mean’s needs were being met, for example asking her If she needed the toilet. I felt Like Megan was at an age, where she can Independently ask for the toilet, but to be safe I asked anyway. I needed to make sure that when asking her. I spoke clearly, so she could fully understand what I was asking and she could reply appropriately. I also, needed to make sure that she knew where things were, so she felt confident going herself. So I didn’t lower Mean’s self-esteem, I spoke to her in an assertive tone, if I had spoken to her in an aggressive manner it would have made her feel uncomfortable talking to me. For example â€Å"Can you please help the other children clean up? During my placement, there was a three year old girl, named Victoria. Victoria and family had just moved from Russia. Her parents could speak little English and Victoria none. Very shy and reluctantly, she sat in the corner, playing by herself. I decided to have 1-1 time with her, and try to build a trusting relationship. I knew she was shy because she turned her body away from me and wouldn’t make eye contact with me. Violator was obviously upset leaving her parents and feeling left out from the other children. In order for Victoria to understand me I spoke In basic minting to the picture of the sandpit, because she didn’t understand English and it made it easier for her to understand which activities I was saying. When I gain some for her trust, she started using eye contact and more body language. By rubbing her eyes, I sat down with her and slowly and calmly asked what was wrong. She looked at me and said â€Å"tired†. I had to have her explain to me in more detail, so I showed her pictures of a bed and of possible activities she would enjoy. I made sure that I gave her enough time to reply, without interrupting and waiting patiently, or this could sibyl lower her self-confidence. She regained eye contact and pointed to the jigsaw puzzle. I taught Victoria a few basic words in English, by pointing to the object and waiting for her to repeat the word after me in English. When she repeated the word, I made sure I had positive facial expressions and body language, and praised her when she said it correctly. It was important that I used non-verbal communication, because it would affect her emotionally, by boosting her self- confidence and self-esteem and she would comfortable talking to me. If I made no effort to acknowledge she didn’t know English, this would lower her self-esteem and make her feel isolated within the setting, because she wouldn’t feel comfortable coming to talk to me and make her feel like she couldn’t trust me. This means, she would have trouble communicating and interacting with the other children, and she wouldn’t be able to tell me any problems she has; because of the lack of trust. To build our relationship further, in return, Victoria can teach me some words/phrases in Russian. This will allow us to have conversations in her language and she can feel more comfortable. How to cite Examples from placement, Papers

Cross Cultural Management Management from a Multinational Perspective

Question: Discuss about theCross Cultural Management for Management from a Multinational Perspective. Answer: Introduction: (Views Based on the Analysis of Management Skills in Cross Cultural Zones) The concept of leadership is prevalent in all the countries across the world in different sectors and in different forms. Be it political or professional sector, the notion of leadership cannot be denied and is presumed to be very essential aspect. However, the features of the leadership differ from culture to culture or from one country to another. The style of leadership refers to the modes in which the managerial department or the administrative department of any business organization or any other sector undertakes the responsibility of providing appropriate directions, recognizing the scopes for further development of the units of the organization and its expansion as well as motivating the people working in the organization. Leadership becomes an integral part for any organization because it is by the virtue of leadership that the effective management of a unit, especially a business organization becomes possible and that organization or sector can progress with its set aims (Ba harum and Jaafar 2014). Kurt Lewin was the first individual in the history of leadership who for the first time in the history of leadership had performed a study of leadership along with the other researchers. He led that group of researchers and they together undertook an in depth study of the different styles or approaches of leadership. This study conducted by Lewin had given birth to three different major leadership styles; they are the autocratic, democratic or participative and delegative or laissez-fair. In accordance with the prevailing circumstances, the leadership styles are defined and maintained in the organizations. An individual leader who is in pursuit of managing his business organization in the most dexterous manner keeping in consideration all the required essentials of a business use all the three styles in a very prudent manner. This also determines the relationship between the leader and the workforce or the entire working staff of the organization. The leader of an organization attempts to implement the authoritarian style in an environment or situation as and when there is an introduction of a new employee or a few employees in an organization. During this case, the leader of that organization is required to maintain an autocratic mode of approach as the employees who will begin their roles and responsibilities in the organization or the first time would require proper motivation and training in order to adapt themselves to the new situation. Thus, in such situation t he leader needs to adopt the autocratic style of managing the situation. This mode of approach will lead to the participative style, in which the employees of the organization have become much adapted to the requirements, aims and strategies of the firm and are now well prepared to deal with differing situations. With regard to the participative or democratic style, the leader of the organization attempts to involve the participants or the employees in various decision-making processes, all together at this point of time become a part of the team. The leader follows delegative style of leadership only after the employees have gained much experience in the job roles they are assigned to. The leader in this case delegates some of the vital tasks to the experienced employees who, the leader feels that has knowledge that supersedes his own and is much more able than he is (Benet-Martnez and Hong 2014). When the leaders use the positive modes of behavior by appreciating the jobs of the employees, rewarding them and recognizing their activities, they are able to inspire the employees in their respective works, thereby forming the basis for the development of the business. On the other hand, the negative perspective of the employer is not suitable for the attainment of organizational commitment. In todays multicultural scenario in the business organizations, the employers need to maintain a positive mode of approach in almost all the aspects related to the administration or management of the organization. Most of the leaders believe that in order to maintain discipline in the organization and realize the aims of the organization negative behavior or posing a strict impression upon the entire working staff in the organization is necessary. However, upholding a negative mode of regulating different aspects of the organization would not make the employer achieve the targets that the comp any aspires to achieve. Therefore, employee orientation and task orientation are the two major tenets that underscore the best possible leadership styles (Caleon et al. 2015). The management style of different nations differs in terms of their culture, customs, modes of living and their thoughts. The management style followed by thee managers or the entrepreneurs in USA is an individualistic approach. The leadership style adapted by the companies operating in the United States of America usually depend upon the managers and their authority for taking proper decisions that govern the development of the organizations. Although employees are given opportunities for participating in the decision- making processes within the areas of responsibility, the actual responsibility for the ultimate rests with the authority of the business. The managers working in any company in America are therefore more or less determined with their positions and responsibility paying almost inconsiderable significance to the employees or the subordinates. The opinions of the workforce are hardly regarded by the personnel who feel that their successful designations can support the co mpanies in attaining success (Chemers 2014). However, this mode of leadership is not suitable for the multinational companies that are in vogue in the recent years. The advent of increasing globalization that is reducing the trade barriers among the countries is giving rise to the birth of establishment of large number of international business organizations across the world. Thus, the managers of such multinational companies require adapting themselves to the differing concepts and features of different countries, as they need to serve the citizens of various countries, which form the clients of those multinational companies. In order to serve these international marketing structures, the managerial department of the globalized companies has to incorporate those qualities, which will be able to earn the satisfaction of the consumers residing in the countries in which those international companies attempt to expand their business interests. The global managers need to have a global perspective; he or she requires possessing tho se specific skills and knowledge that will enable him to form a global mindset. Often it happens that the managers are not able to adapt themselves to the changing cultures and customs and they leave the assignments or the projects without completing them (Chhokar et al. 2013.). Working in an organization requires the administrative head of an organization deal with the diversities that will be present at a workplace. Nowadays the cultural diversities at the workplace are increasing at a very high rate by the virtue of the melting cultural and the tutorial barriers among national boundaries. People from different nations possessing different cultures, customs, race and religion agglomerate at various business organizations across the world and work together (Dinh 2014.). Therefore, in case of such companies where diversities are prevalent at every stage, in such a multicultural environment of the companies, the managers of the organizations need to have enough knowledge in order to tackle such diversities at the workplace. The mangers or the leaders of such organizations or the multinational companies that operate at different parts of the world, shall, therefore incorporate such strategies that are important for the integration of the cross cultural attribu tes while working for the company. As the definition of Hofstede Geert goes, the culture is such a concept that enables the formation of a collective programming of mental traits, thereby causing discrimination between the members of one community or race from that of the other (Dunn et al. 2012). An Analysis of the Cultural Background of Singapore: Singapore, being one of the most progressive countries in the world has attracted innumerable business organizations from across the world. The way in which UK and USA are regarded as the most desirable destination for almost all the well established business organizations of the world, Singapore with immense availability of facilities turned into one of the most coveted location for most of the business organizations. The combination of Asian and European cultures of the nation is one of the major reasons for the wonderful cultural aspects of Singapore. Cross cultural features form the core of the countrys cultural background. The culture of Singapore has been highly imported and influenced by those of East Asia, South Asia, Malaysia and the Eurasian culture. Thus, Singapore is known as the meeting point of East and West (Engelen et al. 2015). The historical study of Singapore reveals the fact that the Singapore was mainly under the empire and rule of the Indian kings. The Chola dynasty was the empire that ruled over the place. Therefore, the Indian culture was much more predominant over the state. It was more of an island that was founded later on and developed by Sang NilaUtama. Singapore remained for many years under the rule of the British Empire after the British made its empire strong over India and allied regions. It was only after the independence in 1959 from the British rule, that Singapore did make its own way and started emerging as an independent country. Singapore remained as the British colony for more than one hundred and fifty years. Even after independence from being a British colony, the Singapore port still remained the interest of the British. It turned to be a trade port in 1819 or more appropriately the British trade port. This port had attracted many migrants from all over the world. Many from China and the Malays from the nearby areas had migrated to the country or island of Singapore. The country had experienced an intense tough time during the years after its independence. When it tried to remain associated with the union of Malaya, it was not given any kind of aid by the nation, and was rather expelled from the union in 1965. Thus, the nation had confronted the difficulties in terms of food shortages, racial riots,and instability regarding the formation of a proper territorial region, unsuccessful and underdeveloped infrastructure, unemployment and communist uprisings. This condition of the island continued till 1970s. However, after this span was overpowered by the industrialized society of Singapore that developed within a period of thirty years. The nation had begun searching for its own independent identity and transformed from only being a trading port into a rich and prosperous nation that focused its major concern upon the development of all the basic amenities of l ife, a highly developed social and economic infrastructure along with the idea of multiculturalism. Due to the presence of various cultural impacts upon the country, there is hardly any individual national identity in Singapore that is dominant. The cultural links of the country with India, China, Malaysia and Indonesia and some other adjacent countries of Asian continent have made it maintain its friendly and loyal relationship with the neighboring countries. It is the ethnic identity that pervades the nation of Singapore (Epitropaki et al. 2013). Democratic attitude, attainment of peace, justice and equality are the pillars upon which the prospects of the nation are based. Therefore, these are the concepts that form the enshrined stars in the national flag of Singapore. Respect for different religions, their traditions, language and customs are forming the basis of the culture of Singapore. Thus, maintaining and upholding secularism and social justice, racial harmony are the major aims of the country. Personal beliefs are paid attention to a large extent. Merit forms the ground based upon which the individuals are selected for different purposes in different fields, irrespective of their religions, culture or the socio-economic background. Religion in Singapore is the arena that is free from any kind of rigid beliefs. Different religions of the world, especially that of the Asian countries gets their recognition in Singapore. The nation practices eminently the freedom of religion. It is thus, described as one of the most religious countries of the world that renders significance to all kinds of religious beliefs and practices. Diversity of religions, ethnic people and beliefs characterize Singapores culture. Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam constitute the religious sphere of the country. The idea or the belief in life death is maintained and shared by all the religions. In terms of the social structure of the country, there are differences based on the classes and castes which are gain constituted by the differences in the wealth and income levels. It is believed that Singapore is more or less governed by the merits of individuals that decide upon the status of the individuals. Social groups and classes are formed and differentiated by the ethnicity or the ethnic culture. Art and architecture, fine arts, graphics are those areas that hardly receive a free promotion in the country of Singapore. Only the institutions that are permitted subsidies and grants by the government of the country are able to proceed with their artistic views and productions. Contemporary arts and architecture is given much more importance, although different ethnic groups maintain their own traditional art and culture in their own ways. However, there are some rules and limitations that are required to be followed while promoting or presenting literature, art or performance arts. Physical and Social sciences are the fields that are given much priority. Technology and applied sciences are the major subjects taught in the universities of Singapore. The country has very well developed institutions. There always remains a greater emphasis upon the education, especially the higher education of the children. The National University of Singapore and the Nanyang Technical University of Singapore are the two most well known universities of the nation that provide almost all the disciplines, especially the social and physical sciences. The political life of Singapore is developed largely as compared to the other countries of Asia. Singapore is also a successful democratic country that and a republic with the parliamentary system government. The president acts as the head of the state as it is in India. The cabinet ministers form the executive organ of the state which always remains responsible for the execution of the major programs and policies of the government of Singapore. The judiciary system that is maintained in the country is very much similar to that of the western countries. The legal system of Singapore is mainly based upon the system that is followed by Britain. Thus, amid such a stern scenario in terms of the judicial and legal issues, the rate of crime is comparatively low in the country of Singapore. Intensified measures are taken against the acts of smuggling of the drugs and caning. Individuals are highly penalized in case if they are found guilty of engaging in the illegal political matters and creating disputes at the public places and creating mess on the streets and at different locations of the city. Singapore is one of such countries that follow a very strict and well developed military and armed forces. Thus, it becomes known that the nation is incalculably concerned about the political and legal sections, thereby creating a safe zone for the citizens of the country, however, sometimes generating unruly cases in the country that may be detrimental to the tourists or the visitors. The Chinese constitute the majority of the total population of the country. The other half of the population of Singapore is comprised of the Malays, Indians and others. Chinese, Malays and the Indians are the main components of the demography of the country of Singapore. Singapore developed rapidly in terms of economic development since 1965. The outward-oriented development strategies its tendency to adapt itself to the changing trends of other countries and their economic status are the reasons that have helped the country in its enhancement of the economy. The economic infrastructure followed by the nation is mainly long term based and are assessed on a continuously in order to confront the challenges in the economic zone. Measures have been taken by the government of Singapore in order develop the nation as the most significant and excellent financial structure. Excellent geographical location, extraordinary telecommunications and presence of skilled professionals have aided in the advancement of Singapore as a dynamic and commercial hub. Service sectors are much more developed in the economy of Singapore; thereby the secondary sectors receive the most priority. The Chinese population of the country constitute the chief portion in the secondary o r professional, administrative and managerial positions. The primary jobs are represented by the Malays and the Indians remain in the middle both in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. Both men and women are employed in the various sectors of the country. Nearly, 50 % of the women in Singapore are engaged in several professions, however most of the leadership positions are occupied by the men in the society (Gutierrez et al. 2012). Singapore has proved itself the most competent nation in the entire world. Prosperity in terms of monetary aspects and those of political characterize the national culture of Singapore. The country strictly and very honorably follows the concept of Kiasu that refers to the wish of the nation-state to remain at the topmost position in terms of all kinds of negotiations and competitions. Unity, stability, and maintenance of the same are the major motto of the country, as symbolized via the red and white horizontal sections of flag of the country (Fernando 2016 ). Assessment of the Factors Related to Cross Cultural Management in a Multicultural Country, Singapore: (Global Management Skills for an International Manager) Now, in accordance with the discussions conducted regarding the cultural aspects and prospects of the country of Singapore, it becomes very much evident that the country is highly featured by its ability to promote and advocate multiculturalism. The story of evolution of the country proves it. Singapore is that unique region which was born out of the amalgamation of a number of cultures and religions hailing from the Asian and south Asian countries. Indians, Malays, Chinese and Indonesians are the residents of the territory. The educational, professional and political spheres of the country, therefore, reflect the diversity of culture, religions, race and language. In such a country, as Singapore, it becomes mandatory that cross-cultural aspects getreflected in almost all the units of life. Business organizations in Singapore are the chief segments that attract individuals from different countries. Thus, the organizations of Singapore highly portray the features of intercultural or c ross-cultural management. An individual who hails from Singapore or from any other country of the world such as Australia or United States of America will be able to manage the administrative aspects of an organization he is employed in. These nations render reverence to the multicultural characteristics and advocate their policies of strengthening multiculturalism. This would actually help in the enrichment of the progress of almost all the units of a country, as they would be able to use and implement the skills and abilities of a diverse population (Gentry. and Sparks 2012). The cultural theories become very useful in understanding the difference in various human activities of the individuals belonging to distinct countries. The cultural theories exhibit the ways in which in the humans interpret their surroundings. Culture of each and every community turns to be an integral part, thus the cultural theories demonstrate the cultural attributes, dynamics of various cultures and the means through which distinct cultures come together and influence each other. The culture theory, thus discusses a varied set of behavior of the human beings. Thus, the cultural theories that have been devised by many anthropologists and psychologists that help in understanding effect of culture in upon the approach of the individuals in dealing with divergent issues. Geert Hofstedes Cultural dimensions Theory is one of the most well-known concepts that helps in perceiving a structure or framework for the sake of evaluating the differences between the nations and cultural set-up. Hofstede is popular for his accomplishments in terms of the cultural and intercultural research. The cultural magnitudes of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Theory illustrate those factors that can assist an individual in evaluating different factors about a certain culture, with the help of which the individual can take steps towards decision-making. The dimensions that Hofstede had taken into account are the Power-Distance Index, Individualism vs. Collectivism, Uncertainty avoidance index, Masculinity vs. Femininity, Indulgence vs. Restraint and Long-term orientation vs. Short-term orientation. These dimensions help in understanding a culture in the following manner: Power-Distance index is the magnitude according to which the individuals are able to measure the rate of acceptance of the power distribution among several members working in organization. As and when the level of the power distance scores increases, it denotes that there is a high rate of inequality among the individuals in the society or in an organization. The members of the society who do not possess power accept easily the power distribution modes. On the other hand, if the level of the power-distance scores are high, it indicates that the members of the society accept and aspire the power to be distributed equally and to be all the members should be treated equally. This magnitude helps to analyze the means through which the members of the society determine and sense about the concept of power distribution. The second dimension of Geerts Cultural theory, namely, Individualism vs. Collectivism refers to the extent or the degree to which the members of the society are combined to form groups. This dimension of the theory allows more importance to the groups in a society rather than the individual members. The society that renders more value upon the individuals and their aims, those are individualistic societies, whereas in the collectivist societies, the ambitions or the aspirations of the groups are paid more attention. With respect to the Uncertainty avoidance index, the manner in which the ambiguity in a society is measured can be understood. The societies that have high scores with regard to this dimension, there is a complete indication that the society is not tolerant about the fact that the individuals from other cultures should probe into their culture or anything of that sort. They are unable to accept any kind of change in the society. Similarly, the societies that score low in the index of this magnitude are able to accept easily the changing trends in terms of cultural aspects, etc. This kind of societies hardly imposes strict rules and laws (Kirsch et al. 2012). They can easily accept the change, or unexpected events or situations.| Masculinity vs. Femininity is the dimension according to which it becomes possible to measure the extent of importance a society places upon the masculine values. The cultures or the societies that score high in terms of this dimension place much importance upon the masculine values and the differences between the genders are more eminent in this case. On the other hand, the society or the culture that denies any kind of discrimination based upon the gender score low in the index of this dimension. Long-term orientation and the short-term orientation helps in measuring the attitude of the society or a particular culture towards the strictly followed traditions and customs. The short term oriented cultures remain much more focused on the traditions and norms of the society. They hardly emphasize the future prospects and believe that the present and the past are interrelated. The long-term oriented cultures are determined to look forward to the future prospects and thus, put much more importance upon the goals that can be accomplished. Indulgence vs. restraint denote and identify the extent to which the drives or demands of the individuals are satisfied in a society. The cultures that are restraint in nature place value upon the social norms and the aspirations of the members of the society are not allowed to be fulfilled. The opposite happens in the case of the society that is much more indulgent (Karin Andreassi et al. ). Fons Trompenaars on the other hand, presents another new model for exploring the cultural theory. He is a well-known Dutch author who specialized in the field of cross-cultural communication. The cultural model or the theory that was devised by Trompenaars relates itself much to the concept of cross-cultural management that should be maintained within the organizations. According to him, the international companies should have such strategies and managerial departments, which is able to take into consideration the cultural differences. In accordance to his opinion, when the cultural differences or the diversities are not paid any kind of attention, the companies are unsuccessful to manage and proceed towards progress. Trompenaar has suggested seven basic dimensions of culture that suggest that culture is the mixture of both organizational and national cultures. These seven dimensions of culture have been devised by him based on the human relationships, time and surrounding environmen t. The magnitude of Universalism vs. Particularism refers to the concept that in case of the cultures that are universalistic, general beliefs, codes of conduct, values, standards, morals and behavior are given the utmost attention rather than that of the individualistic values and beliefs. The individual needs or aspirations are not that much significant in this sort of culture. On the other hand, the culture that is based upon the notions of Particularism, individualistic views and opinions, beliefs, values, need and demand are the major concerns. This type of culture do not go against the rules of the society, however, they prefer the individualistic views and aspirations find the first priority in this case. Individualism and Collectivism is the second element of Trompenaars cultural theory states that the societies that follow the individualistic cultures rely more upon the individuals, the decisions taken by the individuals are given more importance. The individuals need not follow any strict rules; they can live and take decisions on their own. However, in the case of the Cultures following collectivism, the opinions of the group or the society as a whole guide the life of the individuals, the members of the cultural group are expected to participate in the functioning and welfare of the entire community. Cultures have been also divided by Fons Trompennar in accordance with the neutral and affective behavior of the individuals. In the case of the neutral societies , the individuals or the members of the society are do not feel the need to express their emotions or feelings explicitly . They presume that showing emotions in an explicit form is not good and not desirable. In case of the affective relationships, the members of the particular society feel the need to express their emotions and demands adequately unlike the neutral culture. The cultural theory of Trompenaar also talks about the specific and diffuse relationships. Specific relationships are those that place much importance to the specific aspects or the small details of an issue that can help in forming a global idea. However, in the case of the diffuse relationships or more appropriately the cultures, the small details are not taken into account; rather any kind of matter is considered as a whole. The members of such a culture think that all the elements are linked together and therefore instead of analyzing them separately, it would be better to consider the whole. Achievement vs. Ascription forms another dimension of the cultural theory devised by Trompenaar. This is almost similar to that of Power-Distance magnitude suggested by Hofstede in his cultural theory. In case of the Achievement based cultures, the members of the culture pay respect to each other based on their achievements and skills to accomplish the same. In case of the ascription cultures, people are valued in accordance to their roles or designations in specific jobs. Trompenaars cultural theories stress on the aspect of time orientation or the opinions of the members of a particular culture regarding the aspects related to their traditions and age-old customs. Thus, with regard to the time orientation aspect , there can be two types of societies, one is the society that relies mostly upon the past and they are much more past oriented , old traditions and cultures are respected largely. On the other hand, there are cultures that pay much more importance to the future prospects and devises plans for future achievement. On a similar note, there are cultures that are sequential and synchronic. In case of the sequential cultures, the people or the individuals believe in doing one work at a time. The synchronic cultures are able to maintain many activities at a time. The seventh dimension of Trompenaars cultural theory states that there can be cultures that develop on the ground of the connection between the human beings and nature. For instance, in case of the western countries, the people believe that all the events that happen in the society are the results or effects of their own activities. This type of society or culture is internalistic. However, the cultures like those of the Asian nations depend much upon the relationship of the human beings to their destinies or the natural phenomena. They believe that the events or actions in the life of the human beings are intensely governed by the nature or the destiny. As per the theories and dimensions proposed by the two professors, namely, Hofstede and Trompenaar, assumptions can be made about the cultural phenomena and other related aspects of the society of Singapore. In accordance with the dimensions of Hofstedes cultural theory, the cultural aspects of Singapore in terms of management of the business organizations can be assessed in the following manner: Firstly, the country of Singapore being an amalgamation of various other cultures of the world, especially that of the Asian countries, viz. Chinese, Indonesian, Malays and Indians have low Power Distance Index. In order to manage the employee retention of the firms, there is an utmost need to maintain low power index and maintain equal distribution of power among the individuals working in an organization. Excessive importance laid upon the autocratic relations between the employees and the authority of any business organization can likely cause a chaotic situation. With regard to the dimension of the individualism and collectivism, it can be said that as Singapore is a multicultural country that has attracted many individual business firms, should place more value upon the collective behavior of the individuals. This will help in increasing the team spirit and thereby the progress of the companies can be ensured. In terms of the dimension of the Masculinity vs. Femininity, it can be readily inferred that the country records low in the MAS index. Both the men and women of the country remain involved in several jobs. Nearly 50% of women in the country are engaged in the professional sectors. It is true that the major leadership roles may not be rendered to the women in the professional units. However, there remains always scope for the working women to express their leadership skills and knowledge in the leadership and management fields (Ertug et al. 2013). Being a country that has turned to be one of the most important hubs for all the international companies, need to remain low on the UAI index or Low vs. High uncertainty avoidance index. The companies in Singapore aspire to remain always at the topmost position when compared with the status of the other countries of the world. Hence, it becomes a certain factor for the business organizations to undertake ambiguities and uncertainties with regard to the business prospects. It has been acclaimed worldwide that Singapore is the country that allows the companies to settle down easily in the country. The regulative and conducive environment of the country, the easy methodologies involved in registering for the payment of the taxes and presence of such other easy regulations make it very easy for the companies to proceed successfully in their business activities. The Country has been ranked as the topmost country out of the 50 nations of the world in terms of the major investment destinations of the globe. Therefore, the companies operating in the country rank low in the index of the LTO, i.e., in terms of the long term orientation vs. short-term orientation. In order to prosper in the business world, the government of Singapore and the companies that operate in the nation strive look forward to maintain the stability in the world market. The country therefore, ranks low in the index of LTO, as the management of the companies need to take into account the factors that affect them immediately. However, the most important fact is that the country and the business organizations operating there should also have long-term oriented views in order to take into account the aspects and behavior that will likely affect any business organization in the future (Rui and Stefanone 2013). In accordance with Trompenaars cultural theory, the cultural aspects of Singapore and management of the same can be evaluated in the following manner: The culture of Singapore is one of such cultures of the world that is an admixture of different cultures of the world. This is the fact that the country attracts so many business enterprises from across the world. Singapore is the nation that possesses much supportive government policies, easy permits to settle down with new aspiring business ventures. Presence of sound infrastructure and pretty labor conditions and prudent financial policies of the government are the reasons that have made the country of Singapore the ulterior destination for most of the successful businesses of the world (Koveshnikov et al. 2014). Hence, with regard to the dimension of the Universalism and Particularism, it becomes clear that Singapore promotes collectivism. Presence of different communities from various cultures and communities, indicate the involvement of diversity at the workplaces. Therefore, it becomes compulsory that the individuals involved in a business organization must take decisions together, and thereby must participate in the functioning of the business organizations. Thirdly, as Singapore prefers to follow the policies of the Western culture in terms of the political, judicial and administrative policies, therefore, it is natural that the affective relationships are hardly maintained in the country. Rather, neutral culture is followed that restrains the expression of emotions and feelings openly (Moran 2014). The polished and well-administered culture of Singapore portrays the fact that the business organizations are liable to maintain specific culture. The tendency to analyze different elements related to the business interests of a company in a specific manner separately or individually constitute the business culture of any company located in Singapore. Adaptation and maintenance of the specific cultures by Singapore has enabled it to focus over the aspects can assist the nation in industrial as well as economic development (Muenjohn 2015). With regard to the fourth dimension of Achievement and Ascription, Singapore rests its priority over the aspect of achievement. Singapore is the country that possesses the highest forms and standards of skills and potential. It has the most advanced and favorable infrastructure among all other nations of the world. This makes the nation state aim at the global competitiveness. Hence, the entire relative readinesses of the economy with all the required potentialities and the prior discussion have made it a perceivable fact that Singapore is a country where merits matter largely matter. Therefore, it is the country where achievement of the individuals matters significantly. Ascription or recognizing the individuals in terms of their designations in the organizations or maintaining a hierarchical distinction between the authority and the workforce cannot be followed in the nation of Singapore. Merits of the individuals and their achievements are the measuring heads that determine the im portance of the individuals working in an organization (Miao et al. 2013.). The business ventures require upholding and placing immense focus upon the time-orientation. The country of Singapore has turned to be Asias most successful nation in almost all the facets. Be it educational, political, professional or industrial, the country has proved its potential. Thus, it can be readily stated that the business sector of the country rely much upon the future oriented factors. It is only by focusing upon the future aspects and aims of the company, that it becomes possible for the business organizations to organize its strategies. Moreover, the culture followed by the business sectors is more or less synchronic in nature as it is the motto of the country of Singapore to comply with all the changing trends of the world. Thus, the companies and their infrastructure are subjected to innovative modifications and the business units need to operate upon various elements or tasks at a single time as a whole (Muenjohn 2015) The seventh dimension devised by Trompenaar that helps in determining whether a culture or a community living in a particular society of the world depends upon the external or internal control can easily identify the culture of Singapore as Internalistic (Thomas and 2014). The culture of the country depicts evidently that the individuals believe mainly on their own actions, and thus, they hold themselves responsible for their deeds and the consequences. The country like that of the Western nations of the world are of the opinion that it is the deeds of the individuals control the surroundings. They are of the opinion that they have full control over their environment and destiny hardly plays any important role in this kind of culture. Thus, this trend is maintained by the business culture of Singapore. Although Singapore is one of the Asian countries, it does not rely upon the tendency of the other Asian nations to believe that the destinies of the individual members belonging to a p articular culture control their lives. The actions of the individuals, instead, matter the most (Ting-Toomey 2012). The Globe cultural competencies or the magnitude of the Globe project address the features that can assist in the enhancement of the leadership while working in a multicultural company that incorporates the characteristics of the cultural diversity. The GLOBE project had been devised by Prof. Robert J. House of the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. This project was developed on the findings of Geert Hofstedss research in the year 1991. The Competencies of the Globe Project or the Global leadership Depicts following: Performance Orientation: This magnitude of the GLOBE project states that an organization in order to perform well and progress in future prospects need to adapt that leadership style which will help in encouraging the performance or the organizational commitment as well as the excellence level of the employees of a company. The same applies in case of a society. Assertive Orientation: This is the magnitude of the Globe project that tells about the rate of assertion or confrontational attitude that the members of an organization reflect in their professional or social relationships. This will help the leader of an organization or firm to understand the condition and the professional determinants that are present in a workplace, and thereby take steps accordingly. Future Orientation: According to this dimension of the GLOBE project, the authorities in a business firm can estimate the intensity of the future oriented outlook of the members of a organization or a society. In case of an organization, this will help the leadership of an organization to develop such standards or measures that would encourage the members of an organization to think about planning or investment for the future progress of the country (Samovar et al.2014.). Humane Orientation: This shows the extent to which the individuals involved in an organization or in a society pay respect to each other, indulge in mutual appreciation and maintain a friendly behavior in the society or in the organization. This kind of attitude becomes very important in an organization. A leader, furthermore should keep an eye on this aspect and then undertake measures accordingly. Collectivism: In case of the institutional collectivism, it reflects the intensity to which the organizations or the societies encourage the members to participate in the collective actions and reward collective outcome (Johnson and Grier 2013.). On the other hand, in the case of the In -group collectivism, the members possess and share loyalty and cohesiveness within the group, be it a business organization or a family. The seventh dimension of the GLOBE project reflects Gender egalitarianism. In accordance to this point of view, the leadership of an organization should decide upon the intensity to which the absence of the gender discrimination policies needs to be maintained. The eighth dimension regarding the Power Distance determines the degree to which the members of a culture or of a business organization demand for equal or unequal sharing of the power relations or the hierarchical positions (Shi and Franklin 2014). The ninth or the last dimension tells about the extent a society or an organization can avoid uncertainty. It tells and instructs the authority of any social unit about how unpredictability or ambiguities can be avoided by relying on the social customs and practices of a particular culture. Now, in case of a business organization that is operating in a multicultural or culturally diverse country like Singapore, the leadership or the authorities of an organization can easily enhance their qualities of leading and developing the organization along with the strength of its workforce by the following the dimensions that are suggested by the GLOBE project. As and when a manager is working in a multinational company in a country like Singapore, he or she has to take into account the performance oriented aspects. As the GLOBE project suggests, the leadership of an organization should be aware of and take certain steps or strategies that may help in encouraging the performance and commitment of the employees. The employees of an organization in case of Singapore hail from different cultures. Therefore, the manager of an organization should be aware about the features of different cultures (Papadopoulos and Heslop 2014). This will help in the formation of such strategies that can ultimately bring together the employees of the organization to work together united not thinking about the differences. The manager of the organization should ask the employees of the organization who belong to various cultures and communities to suggest their own ways and viewpoints about certain things to each other and appreciate each other while performing. Th is will help in the enrichment of the performance level in the organization as well as the unity. In accordance with the assertiveness orientation as discussed as one of the competencies of the GLOBE project, a manager working in a multinational organization in Singapore must understand the rate and tendencies of the assertive behavior of the individuals in an organization. This may differ in accordance with that of the difference in cultural backgrounds and other related features (Ray 2014). In terms of future-orientation, the leadership of a company where diversity in culture is the major concern, must create such a business culture that is able to make the workforce identify their own with that of the culture of the workplace. The employees should come to feel that their welfare and the individual cultural differences are paid considerable attention. This characteristic feature of the company and strategy of international marketing can make the employees future-oriented and think about different aspects related to planning and investment that may help in the progress of the company as well as the nation as a whole. The leaders of a business organization must take into account the humane orientation as suggested by the GLOBE project. The tendency to enrich the relationship between the employees and the leadership of a firm as well as within the workforce is very necessary in order to maintain the decorum and the team spirit. Collectivism, both the institutional and the In-group Collectivism are the major tenets that should be upheld within an organization, so that there remains inspiration to work together along with the loyalty and cohesiveness among the individual members. This will help in increasing the productivity and quality standards (Lai et al. 2013). Working in an international organization and managing the diverse workforce requires gender justice and lessening of gender discrimination in the company, and this need to be taken care of by the managerial department of the organization. In a country like Singapore, maintenance of this factor becomes very vital, as both the men and women are engaged very actively in the professional field.Equal distribution of power within the organization among the working staff, avoidance of addressing the hierarchical positions in excessive manner will help in strengthening the bonds within the workforce, thereby, reducing ambiguities and uncertainty within the organization (Kirsch et al. 2012). An international organization, operating in a country like Singapore need to incorporate such a kind of managerial department that will take care of the cultural differences of the entire workforce. This kind of strategy would help the company to face the challenges related to uncertainty and ambiguity in the business zone, with the help of an integrated employee- employer relationship A Discussion on the Concepts of Leadership and Motivation: (from Cross-Cultural Perspective) Leadership: Implementation of well-developed leadership skills, especially in the case of an international organization that incorporates diverse cultures is very important. Thus, as it has been discussed above, leadership skills and integration of the workforce can properly be maintained by an organization by following the dimensions devised Geert Hofstede, Fons Trompenaar and the GLOBE project of Robert J. House (Karin Andreassi et al.2014). Moreover, along with the such cultural theories , the Transactional and Behavioral theories of leadership need be maintained. Transactional Theory: A manager working in a cross cultural environment in an international company need to take into consideration the cultural differences of the employees with proper reverence. The leaders or the managerial department of the organization need to develop an environment, through which there can be a good transaction of various opinions of the individual employees in the decision making issues and in other matters. This will reinforce the unity in diversity and would encourage the workers to increase their commitment towards the goal of the organization. Behavioral Theory: It is often said that Leaders are born. However, the fact that remains the truth is that leaders are made. Proper conditioning of the personal traits and enrichment of in depth knowledge and skills are the keys to develop the leadership strategies in an organization. Furthermore, in an international organization, presence of proper behavioral strategies is a very necessary aspect in upholding tenacity and honesty in the working zone between the employees and the employer. In case of Motivation, that is another integral factor in an organization, the following means can be adapted by the leadership or the authorities of an international organization: As a leader or manager of an international organization, a person needs to respect and be sensitive towards the cultural differences of a diverse workforce (Ozgen et al. ). People come from different ethnic backgrounds and racial structures. Therefore, creating a common business or organizational culture with which the entire workforce along with their differences can identify them is very important. All the workers, irrespective of any kind of cultural differences, should gain a judicious amount of remuneration, rewards and recognition. The workers in a company need to be made aware that they are working in a safe environment. The company pays equal respect to their individual opinions and very much concerned about their welfare (both physical and emotional). Work-life integration has become the most important need in todays digital world, where lifestyles are becoming much hectic. Thus, in such a case, there remains the requirement of the balance between the professional and personal life. There should be some recreational activities and intervals that can enhance the energy and motivation level of the workers. Conclusion: Thus, it becomes evident through the above discussion that excellence in the arena of leadership and motivational factors become some of the major factors that remain most responsible for ensuring the progress in the multinational or international organizations. 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